Our philosoper... Karl Popper

Karl Popper is a modernist philosopher who created his own theory of critical rationalism. One of his most important points is the rejection of classical empiricism, which he considers to have too little credibility. He also states that scientific theories should be rationally criticized (if they have empirical content), and should be subject to tests which may refute them. He also states that knowledge is comprised of three worlds. The first world is the physical world, which is reality and physical perception. The second world is made up of subjective personal perceptions, experiences, and cognition. It is what we think about the world as we try to map, represent, and anticipate or hypothesis in order to maintain our existence in an every changing place. Personal knowledge and memory form this world, which are based on self-regulation, cognition, consciousness, dispositions, and processes. The third world is the sum total of the objective abstract products of the human mind. It consists of such artifacts as books, tools, theories, models, libraries, computers, and networks. It is quite a diverse mixture. While knowledge may be created and produced by World 2 activities, its artifacts are stored in World 3. There are various relations between these worlds. World 1 drives and enables world 2 to exist, while world 2 tries to control and regulate world 1. World 2 produces world 3, while world 3 helps in the recall and the training, education, development and learning of world 2. World 3, however, describes and predicts world 1, while world 1 is the inferred logic of world 3.

Ludwig Wittgenstein... Team 9

Philosopher of Prussian city. He expanded his limits onto philosophy to other special theories.

The pure and divine reason, it’s a fact of experience, and consequently of universal necessity. These cannot help to our knowledge.

He states the form an matter as a pure source of knowledge.

Form: Intellect, subject and matter, acting, comprehension

Matter: subjective sensations of the external world.

Immanuel Kant... Team 8

His worked was focuss on the Tractatus-Logico-Philosophicus.

This theory tries to understand philosophical problems from misunderstandings of the logic language. It is based on two things:  

·         Thoughts are expressed in it

·         Shows how little is achieved when this problems are solved

Also states that philosophy is a natural science.

David Hume... Team 7

He divides the philosophical understanding in two different aspects:

Perceptions & Impressions, in which perceptions and impressions are basically ideas in space and time, cause and effect, external object, personal objects.

Leibniz... Team 6

Gottfried Leibniz is a rationalist philosopher who states that monads are the fundamental units of reality. It was based on pre-established harmony, and it states that events arises because it was pre-programmed by God. Knowledge is either obscure or clear; after clear, it is either confused or distinct; aftyer distinct, it is either adequate or inadequate.

Baruch Spinoza... Team 5

According to Spinoza, epistemology is divided in 2 main aspects: formal aspects and perspectives. He sustains thate there are 3 types of knowledge: immagination, reason, and intuition. He also establishes that ideas are directly related to the objects, and viceversa. He also states that knowledge can be either adequate or inadequate, depending on how the person acquires it.

René Descartes... Team 4

René Descartes was a rationalist philosopher who carried out his own method of epistemology. His method consists of doubt, which means that nothing can be considered to be true until it is taken into examination and then, if proved true, it will remain true. He is famous for his quote : "I think, therefore I exist." This statement proves that, in his theory, thoughts and reason are the legitimate sources of knowledge.

Guillermo de Ockham... Team 3

Guillermo de Ockham was a priest who introduced his own theory of knowledge, which was empiricist in its essence. It also leads to skeptical conclusions, due to the fact that it states that faith is the way of acquiring knowledge, and knowledge can also be obtained through the notion of reflective knowledge.

Aristotles... Team 2

Unlike Plato, Aristotles stated in his theory that knwoledge is acquired through experience. The base for the study of objects is studying of objects themselves in their essence; this essence explains why the objects have certain features, which explain why they have certain other features, and so on.

About Plato... Team 1

Plato's theory of epistemology was the theory of recollection. It stated that knowledge is innate, that is, knowledge is kept inside every human being at the moment of their birth. It is kept deep inside the soul, but humans are not knowledgeable about how to express it. When humans learn to express it, it is actually rediscovered, not acquired. As an allegory, he proposed the allegory of the "sun as the form of the God", which states that the sun is intellectual illumination, which is the "Form of God".

10 Questions of Epistemology

1.- What is knowledge?

A= Knowledge is the interpretation of humans of what is true.

2.- How do we acquire knowledge?

A= We can acquire it through several ways; they include experience, reasoning,

3.- Why must we acquire knowledge?

A= In order to see the light; through the light, we can get a better orientation of the truth and how can we act it upon our lives in order to live a better life.

4.- What is an evidence?

A= An interpretation of humans which they can interpret as either true or false.

5.- How do we know the validity of an evidence?

A= According to every person, we can accept an evidence as true or not; this depends on the beliefs of every person, as well as their interpretation of it.

6.- What is the difference between knowledge and belief?

A= Knowledge is an inference that can be proved, while belief cannot be proved.

7.- Is our knowledge real or not?

A= We cannot be certain that our knowledge is real until we test it and compare our “truths” with the ones of other people, reaching a universal truth.

8.- Can knowledge be acquired through experience?

A= Yes, but we must keep in mind that that knowledge can only be premature to accept it as the only truth as it must be proved in order to be accepted as knowledge.

9.- Why is knowledge so important to humans?

A= Knowledge provides humans with an opportunity to interpret better what they can do to live a better life.

10.- Is reason the solution for acquiring knowledge?

A= It is only a partial solution. Full knowledge can only be acquired through a series of reasoning along with experience and observing.

Epistemology divisions

Epistemology is divided into two different aspects:
The first one is the Knowledge which is divided into:
Reason: Is how we react among causes which are purely in the real world as lower forms.
Like mathematics.
Understanding: Is how we analyze and process the information into our complete level of
comprehension which is purely abstract. Like love, justice etc.
The second one is the Opinion which is divided into:
Perception: Is how we can feel the world. Only sensible things.
Imagination: Is the images of sensible things, which are granted by past, present and
future perceptions of someone.

Epistemology: Definition and Purpose

Epistemology is the branch of philosophy which is concerned with the nature and the search of knowledge. It is also known as the theory of knowledge because of that. This branch of philosophy has focused on analyzing the nature of knowledge and how it connect with things such as the truth, beliefs and justifications. It also tries to find how the knowledge is produced, and also about the skepticism about different knowledge claims.

The term epistemology was first used by the Scottish philosopher James Frederick Ferrier (1808-1864). It this branch of epistemology, the kind of knowledge that is usually used is the propositional knowledge, also known as the “Knowledge what”. In recent times, some “recent” epistemologists have argued that epistemology should evaluate people’s properties, and not just the properties of propositions or propositional mental attitudes.